Students’ Code Mixing outside Classroom Activities
1. INTRODUCTION
Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance. This is where the speakers using their mother tongue (L1) and other language (L2) in different domains. According to Li (1998; 2000), “code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in the same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and orthographical”. And then, According to Muysken (2000), the term code-mixing can be referred as when the features of grammar and lexical items of two or more languages are in the same sentence. In other words, code mixing is a mixture of languages between languages and speakers of two or more languages in the same sentence.
In everyday interaction, people usually choose different codes in different situation. They may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking. When they are speak, they may use the language that is related to those fields rather than the language used in daily language communication at home. In this era, almost multilingualism society is so difficult to avoid code mixing. It is clear that the code-mixing discuss bilingual and multi language then also submitted that the charge code is a combination of two languages, and more in line with the rules of the incorporation of language such as merging words with words, phrase by phrase and sentence with the phrase.
Indonesia is the country has a wide variety of cultures and languages. Cultures that there are many languages spoken in society so great that the possibility of a merger between the language of one society to another, ranging from adults until children that they are always using the code mixing. But interest is code mixing for the children. When they play, we often hear them talk using various combinations of languages. They really seemed to relax in their own language style. If we hear their conversation is a little strange and even some of us consider their language is to keep abreast of the times. It can not be allowed because it would cause confusion and lack of communication between other people to mingle with a mix between the original language, so the language is not a real language. Therefore, what the underlying of code mixing in among the children?
Based on these questions, the author intends to discuss the type of code mixing and reason about why they use the code mixing.
II. DISCUSSION
2.1 TYPES OF CODE MIXING
According to Suwito (1985:76) there are two types of code mixing, Inner Code Mixing and Outer Code Mixing. Inner code mixing is the insertion of language element of native or national language with its variation, and Outer code mixing is the insertion of the language element of foreign language.
2.1.1 Inner Code Mixing
It occurs if the speaker inserts the elements of their own language into national language or the element of dialect into own language. For example, “Aku rapopo”. The speaker mixes Indonesian language with Java language. Rapopo is the Java language which has the meaning "I'm okay". It is to describe a person's reaction when he/she tried to be strong even though he/she is the unfortunate fact of life or who have become bitter.
It is one that we often hear among teenagers and even children. When we hear them talking to his friends some of them use two languages at once in the speech. The language they use is the language of their locality and Indonesian. The speaker uses code-mixing because it was used by a variety of local language or in their own environment, so when the speaker was addressing his language frequently used surely he has to say. There also we know that when the speaker uses two languages, the listener often do not understand the intent of the language. If he does not come from Java, then when the listener hears the speaker must be confused. Although the speaker did not intend to make the listener confused because that's the way to her own language.
2.1.2 Outer Code Mixing
It occurs if the speaker inserts the element of their own language into foreign language. For example, “Aku mau download lagu barat”. The speaker mixes Indonesian language with English language. Download is the English language which has the meaning “unduh”. It is a process of making specific files contained on the internet.
This is the most we have heard in the community, especially children. They use language by mixing their language code into a foreign language. Currently, many who use the language to show the modern style for changing times. Some children also use code-mixing was due to hear and follow the words or language that are well-known such as television and newspapers. But because of this fact, most of the children use the code mixed in various places and conditions are not appropriate.
2.2 THE FACTORS OF CODE MIXING
Some factors of code-mixing is influenced by the context and situation of language.
2.2.1 Speaker with Another Speaker
The intent and purpose of code-mixing among other speaker wants to change the situation of the talks, formal situation for non-formal situations. Speaker sometimes perform code-mixing one language to another because of habit. We often hear language like this "Pinjam dulu handphone mu" we know that the word "handphone" it is "telepon". The language in formal situations become "Bolehkah saya meminjam telepon anda?". If the whole English language is "Can I borrow your phone/handphone?". They use the word "handphone" because they know that it is derived from foreign languages which they often hear in their environment. And proved that they often hear the language or words from the environment around them and it is the custom for themselves.
2.2.2 Conversational partner
Conversational partner can be individuals or groups. For example, the speaker and the listener using Indonesian and mix these languages into English for the presence of English speaker enters the conversation situation. Here's an example that we often hear.
A : Pinjem dulu aku ponsel mu.
B : Untuk apa rupanya?
A : Ada yang mau ku lihat.
C : Kau pasti mau lihat something yang ada di handphone nya.
A : Please dong jangan kepo.
B : Lagian handphone ku juga pake password.
C : Atau kau mau dengar music?
A : Bukan, ada yang mau ku kirim ke handphone mu, soalnya memory card ku penuh.
B : Oh yauda send aja.
From these examples we see that when the A and B are talking, they are still using Indonesian. But it appears the C in the conversation and then he immediately mix with the English language. The emergence of a foreign language from the C, then the A and B also carried away and they also mix their language with English. The language is already often we see and hear among children. No possibility that the language of a third person in a conversation led to the first and second in the conversation also use code-mixing in their own language.
2.2.3 Time Talks Underway
For example, a conversation that took place in the school cafeteria. In these places the code-mixing can occur from one language to another. Here’s an example.
A : Kau lagi ngapai?
B : Ini ada game seru kali.
A : Game apa? Action atau tebakan?
B : Sejenis action. Asyik lost terus aku.
A : Darimana kau download?
B : Bukan ku download tapi ku send dari handphone abang ku.
We can see in the conversation word in the English language they use is already familiar to us. In addition, the language mix is often also used in various public places. So they are also free to mix their language in speaking.
2.2.4 Topic
Code-mixing can occur because the topic. For example, a conversation that started from formal to informal can not happen insertion mixed word.
A : Kamu tahu si Tami berada dimana sekarang?
B : Maybe di kelas.
A : But tadi aku tidak melihatnya di kelas.
B : Lihat again, gue yakin dia disana.
A : Well, sekarang aku pergi ke kelas untuk bertemu dengannya.
B : Okelah.
Topic of conversation above is someone who is asking his whereabouts. In this case shows that A spoke formally and using a code mixing in the language. And B while talking informally and use the code mixing when B answered questions from A. They were both talking in their own language style.
2.3 THE REASONS FOR CODE MIXING
According Jendra (2001:74), there are five reasons why someone is using code-mixing.
2.3.1 The words of a Famous.
Speakers can make a code phrase mixing with a famous quote that hears. So that they can form into a single word or sentence clausa. The statement was proven when we hear a child say the words he heard on television. Examples of commonly used words that the children are "Woles". Then they form the words into a sentence.
A : Woi udah ngerjain PR Kimia belum?
B : Yaelah masih lama kok dikumpul, woles aja sob.
The word "woles" is the word from "selow" the way read behind. Similarly, the word "woles" is used to express "santai aja". While the "sob" is the nickname among friends, especially boys.
2.3.2 Tribes and Languages.
Indonesia has many tribes and languages. When the speaker to change the code, they will know the identity of the individual or group of languages. Thus, mixing code can determine the identity of the speaker. For example, a child who comes from Batak and he was talking to a friend who is not from Batak.
A : Kau mau kemana?
B : Mau ke kantin satongkin.
A : Aku nitip makanan ya.
B : Olo, tunggu ya.
Conversation B above shows that the use of the word "satongkin" which means "sebentar", other than that, "olo" which means "iya". So that we can know the identity of the language comes from Batak.
2.3.3 The Third Person in a Conversation.
When someone comes interrupt a conversation, a conversation participant can mix them with other language code to keep secret or to show solidarity with the third person.
A : Lucu kali ku lihat dia semalam.
B : Lucu apanya?
A : Semalam ku lihat dia main bola di lapangan terus jatuh nya lucu kali.
B : Ah, kau ada-ada aja.
C : Hey woi.. kalian busy gak sekarang?
A : Busy? Iya maybe.
B : Btw ada apa?
C : Aku mau ke toilet, tapi aku takut. Help me please..
A : Yauda ayo go sekarang.
From the conversation above A and B using code-mixing in their own language for the C talk to combine Indonesian with English. So inevitably the A and B speak the same thing that the code mixing.
2.3.4 Improving Social Status.
We know that in Indonesia, people who can speak English fluently is considered to have a higher social status than those who do not speak English. Then, they consider the use of the English language is more impressive because their English is a foreign language in Indonesia from the use of the national language or locale. So that when they are able to talk English they will look more stylish in the language. That's why we often hear there is mixing of words Indonesian to English.
From the fourth reason, someone using the code mixing to demonstrate that they have the competence language other than their first language, namely Indonesia or national level. For those foreign language is a modern style so that when it is used it will be seen that he follows the ongoing development of the era.
III. CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it is clear that the mixing of code usually associated with the characteristics of the speaker, such as social background, level of education, religious sense. Usually in the form of relaxation or informal situations. But it could happen because of the limitations of language and expression in a language that is not appropriate, so there is no necessity to use another language.
Due to the variety of slang, the authors argue that the need for action from all parties concerned with the well-speaking culture. Lack of awareness to love the language in their own country of Indonesia in the dilution impact on its use in the community. For the writer, mixing code should not be used in everyday conversation. Although it has become a habit for them, but one of the policies to keep preserve national language of Indonesia to enforce the language to be proud and aligned with the language worldwide. If we want to be perceived as modern times it is better when speaking must use language with the same overall language without code-mixing. In other words, if we want to speak a foreign language should be a whole word or phrase spoken foreign language and do not mix language to another. Because, for some people who hear the language of code mixing feel that there is something strange and even confused about what was said.
Therefore, when we speak must use a language perspective. Whatever words we hear through the media or in the environment around us have to really understand every word they say. Not that we should imitate the style of their language, but actually makes language guidelines or a lesson to us in a language that is good and true because of what we hear is not necessarily a good impact in our daily lives.
